Perioperative mortality and morbidity of hip fractures among COVID-19 infected and non-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Hip fractures among elderly patients are surgical emergencies. During COVID-19 pandemic time, many such patients could not be operated at early time because of the limitation of the medical resources, the risk of infection and redirection of medical attention to a severe infective health problem.@*METHODS@#A search of electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) with the keywords "COVID", "COVID-19″, "SARS-COV-2", "Corona", "pandemic", "hip fracture", "trochanteric fracture" and "neck femur fracture" revealed 64 studies evaluating treatment of hip fracture in elderly patients during COVID-19 pandemic time. The 30-day mortality rate, inpatient mortality rate, critical care/special care need, readmission rate and complications rate in both groups were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Review Manager (RevMan) V.5.3.@*RESULTS@#After screening, 7 studies were identified that described the mortality and morbidity in hip fractures in both COVID-19 infected (COVID-19 +) and non-infected (COVID-19 -) patients. There were significantly increased risks of 30-day mortality (32.23% COVID-19 + death vs. 8.85% COVID-19 - death) and inpatient mortality (29.33% vs. 2.62%) among COVID-19 + patients with odds ratio (OR) of 4.84 (95% CI: 3.13 - 7.47, p < 0.001) and 15.12 (95% CI: 6.12 - 37.37, p < 0.001), respectively. The COVID-19 + patients needed more critical care admission (OR = 5.08, 95% CI: 1.49 - 17.30, p < 0.009) and they remain admitted for a longer time in hospital (mean difference = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.74 - 5.45, p < 0.001); but there was no difference in readmission rate between these 2 groups. The risks of overall complications (OR = 17.22), development of pneumonia (OR = 22.25), and acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute respiratory failure (OR = 32.96) were significantly high among COVID-19 + patients compared to COVID-19 - patients.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are increased risks of the 30-day mortality, inpatient mortality and critical care admission among hip fracture patients who are COVID-19 +. The chances of developing pneumonia and acute respiratory failure are more in COVID-19 + patients than in COVID-19 ‒ patients.

Morphometric and biomechanical analysis of gracilis and semitendinosus tendons: A cadaveric study in the South Indian setting

Background: Semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons are among the most frequently used grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Gracilis is also frequently used in breast reconstruction as well as in upper and lower limb reconstruction as a free graft. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 human cadaver lower limbs were studied of 30 adults (12 men and 18 women) who have been embalmed at a tertiary care institution. Those cadavers whose lower limb had undergone surgery in the past and those with concomitant pathology that would have affected the local anatomy were excluded. Gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were taken out of embalmed remains after the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues had been carefully dissected. Results: It was observed that the maximum load of all the semitendinosus tendons studied had a mean value of 768.2 ± 130.4 N. The semitendinosus tendon’s maximal load in males ranged from 698.4 to 1133.9 N. However in females, the semitendinosus tendon’s maximal load ranged from 589.5 to 780.0 N. Conclusion: The topographical and morphometric data from this study can be utilized as a database of anthropological parameters for the Semitendinosus and Gracilis muscle tendons of a population in a south Indian setting,

Factors affecting hypertension among rural geriatric population in Odisha: Findings from AHSETS study

Background: Worldwide, around 1.28 billion adults, aged 30–79 years have hypertension (HTN) and most (two?thirds) of them living in low? and middle?income countries like India. While only less than half of adults (42%) with HTN are diagnosed and treated. This study is an effort to estimate the prevalence and determine the determinants of HTN among the rural elderly population in Tigira block, Cuttack district of Odisha. Methodology: This cross?sectional study was carried out among 725 rural elderly (>60 years) people using probability proportionate to sample (PPS) sampling in the year 2019–2020. Previous medical history of HTN diagnosed by medical professional was taken as positive for HTN. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi?square test. The binary logistic regression model was used to find out the predictors of HTN. Results: This cross?sectional study found an HTN prevalence of 34.75% (n = 252) among rural older adults. Factors found to be significantly associated with HTN were female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.73, confidence interval [CI] = 1.129–2.666), elderly aged ?80 years (AOR = 1.98, CI = 1.170–3.379), not working elderly (AOR = 2.14, CI = 1.178–3.89), lower?middle socioeconomic status (SES) (AOR = 1.61, CI = 1.093–2.372), overweight elderly (AOR = 2.01, CI = 1.309–3.098) and diabetics (AOR = 4.56, CI = 2.704–7.718), respectively. Conclusion: HTN prevalence was found to be high in the rural area, and the factors such as female gender, elderly aged ?80 years, not working elderly, lower?middle SES, overweight elderly, and diabetes were found to be the determinants of HTN in the rural elderly population of Odisha.

Burden of sickle cell disease in tribal students in Maa-Baadi institutions in southern Rajasthan - A pilot study

Background & objectives: Sickle cell disease (SCD), an inherited disorder of erythrocytes, is highly prevalent in the tribal population of India. The tribal population of India is approximately 100 million and it is necessary to identify the magnitude of this problem. Furthermore, the prevalence of the disease is unknown among the five million tribal people of southern provinces of Rajasthan. In this study, we intended to determine the prevalence and characteristics of sickle cell disorder among the tribal inhabitants of southern Rajasthan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the tribal students of the Maa-Baadis and hostels situated in the five tribal sub-plan districts of Rajasthan. Maa-Baadi centres are located in every village, whereas for every four to five villages, one hostel is allocated to accommodate the tribal students. The screening for SCD was done by solubility test and electrophoresis was used for confirmation. Results: A total of 36,752 tribal students were screened from 1,006 Maa-Baadi centres and 243 hostels. The prevalence of SCD among the tribal students was 5.8 per cent. The prevalence of heterozygous and homozygous conditions was 5.61 and 0.17 per cent, respectively. Among the five sub-plan districts, the highest prevalence was observed in Sirohi district (10.5%) followed by Banswara (7.42%), Udaipur (6.53%), Pratapgarh (5.51%) and Dungarpur (1.89%). Among the four major tribes belonging to these districts, the highest prevalence was recorded in Garasia tribes (13.81%). The history of leg ulcers and the mean pulse rate were significantly high in SCD individuals. Interpretation & conclusions: SCD is a significant problem among the tribes of southern Rajasthan, with the highest prevalence among the Garasia tribe. The present study recommends that a structured screening programme targeting the entire tribal population with appropriate counselling as well as providing treatment through the existing health system is the need of the hour.

Pattern of dermatoses in the elderly population attending the dermatology clinic at a Tertiary Care Center in South-East Rajasthan

Introduction: The skin acts as the first line of defense for the body against external injuries. With aging, the architecture of the skin undergoes intrinsic changes that impair its capacity for repair. In addition, the aging skin is more susceptible to injury by external stimuli, including ultraviolet rays and environmental pollutants. The combination of these factors predisposes the elderly to a variety of dermatological disorders, including xerosis, pruritus, photoaging, eczematous disorders, and tumors. The elderly (>60 years of age) population in India accounted for 8.6% (104 million) in 2011, and the figure has been projected to increase to 19% by the year 2050. It is imperative to identify the pattern of cutaneous disorders in this population as skin care regimens aimed to improve epidermal function have been shown to be effective inthe prevention and treatment of some of these aging-associated cutaneous disorders. Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the pattern of dermatoses among the elderly population attending the dermatology clinic at a tertiary care hospital in South?east Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients above the age of 60 years who attended the dermatology clinic at a tertiary care hospital in South?east Rajasthan from May 2018 to May 2020. A combination of history, physical examination, and clinical investigations (when appropriate) were used to establish the diagnosis. Results: A total of 210 patients were included in this study. Most patients were between the age group of 60–65 years (40.47%). One hundred and thirty?eight were male (65.71%) and 72 were female (34.28%), with a male to female ratio of 1.9:1. Our study demonstrated that xerosis was one of the most common diagnoses seen in 126 cases (60%), followed by eczematous skin conditions seen in 82 cases (39%). Conclusion: The elderly constitute an important part of the population. Cutaneous disorders in the elderly range from mild disorders such as cherry angiomas to dermatological malignancies. Therefore, it is important to recognize the pattern of dermatosis in this population so that appropriate therapeutic and preventive strategies could be implemented.

Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague-Dawley rats

BACKGROUND: Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. METHODS: In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. RESULTS: This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries.

Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Male Breast Lesions.

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a well-established and widely accepted procedure in the evaluation of breast masses. Fine needle aspiration cytology can be performed as an OPD procedure. It is less traumatic to the patient as compared to surgical biopsy, is cost effective, and can provide rapid results on the same day. Therefore, it can be used as an initial diagnostic procedure for male breast lesions. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of male breast lesions and categorization of these lesions as per IAC Categories.METHODSThe present study included 50 cases of male breast lesions presented in the department of the pathology. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done and slides were stained with MGG and PAP. Findings were analysed by two pathologists independently. Cyto-histological correlation was done in cases wherever possible. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated.RESULTSA total of 50 cases of male breast lesions which had undergone FNAC was analysed in this study. Histopathological examination was available in 10 cases. Gynecomastia C2 (88%) was found to be the most common entity followed by acute on chronic suppurative pathology (4%). There was no false positive or false negative finding. FNAC had a sensitivity and specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 100% for male breast lesions.CONCLUSIONSFNAC is the excellent sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for the assessment of breast lesions in males. Hence, we strongly recommend the use of FNAC as the first-line investigation in the clinical evaluation of male breast lumps.

Retracted article-Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Prevention of Emergence Agitation after Nasal Surgery.

Emergence agitation, also known as emergence excitement, emergence delirium or post anaesthetic excitement is a well-recognized clinical phenomenon occurring in the immediate postoperative period following general anaesthesia.1 Though it is most often seen in children and elderly,2,3 with literature focused on this population, it can affect all age groups. Emergence is the transition from unconsciousness to full wakefulness4 and most often this transition from general anaesthesia is smooth and uneventful.5 Emergence agitation is usually seen during the first 15-30 minutes following awakening from general anaesthesia3,6 and has varied clinical presentation. It can be characterized by agitation, restlessness, hyperactivity, irritability, thrashing, crying, moaning, incoherence and uncooperative behaviour.3,4,6Though emergence agitation is well recognized clinically, it is not well understood. The reasons being, lack of clear definition, lack of reliable and valid assessment tools, difficulty in differentiating between agitation and pain and uncertainty about its clinical significance.2 The incidence reported in paediatric population is 12-13%3 and about 10-15% in geriatric age group.7,8 There are various risk factors recognized to be associated with EA. They are presence of an endotracheal tube or urinary catheter, pain, premedication with benzodiazepine, use of inhalational anaesthetics,3,5 breast, abdominal9 and otolaryngologic surgeries.10,11 Presence of hypoxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances and sepsis can in addition add on to the incidence of EA.3,5

Retracted Article- Comparison of Epidural Analgesia vs Continuous Transversus Abdominis Plane Analgesia for Post-Operative Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Lower Abdominal Surgery.

Control of post-operative pain is imperative for patient comfort, early mobilization and faster recovery.(1) Specifically, good post-operative pain management has been shown to be effective in reducing peri-operative morbidity associated with acute coronary events and thrombotic events in high risk patients. (2) At the same time, it has been an endeavour to reduce peri-operative opioid consumption and its associated complications. In this respect, an effective multimodal strategy which affords best control of post-operative pain is very important.Increasingly, Regional Techniques are gaining popularity as a part of multimodal post-operative analgesic regimen. Regional Anaesthesia has been shown to reduce the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting while also providing benefits that go even beyond patient comfort.Epidural Analgesia is a time tested technique for post-operative analgesia. It has proven efficacy and use of epidural catheters for post-operative analgesia is a norm at many centres. However, the epidural technique comes with its own risk of complications. Also, there are many situations where it would be contraindicated to use the epidural technique. Thus, an equally effective alternative regional anaesthetic technique would be useful in such situations.The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block and TAP catheter based continuous blocks are relatively new techniques whose efficacy has been well documented in the scientific literature (3), (4), (5), (6) They are regional anaesthesia techniques which provide analgesia to the skin and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. (7) It was first described just about a decade ago and has undergone several modifications which in turn have expanded its scope of application for an increasing range of surgical procedures. (8) Their advantage over epidural technique lies in the fact that it does not cause hemodynamic instability. Another advantage is that they can be used in patients with mild platelet or coagulation abnormalities where neuraxial techniques would be contra-indicated. Despite a low risk of complications and a high success rate, it is an underutilized technique. (9)METHODSAfter obtaining ethical clearance certificate from the institution’s ethics committee, a prospective randomized comparative study was conducted among 72 patients, who were to undergo elective lower abdominal surgeries, admitted to Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College Hospital from September 2012 to Aug 2013.Sample SizeIn a previous study by Vandriessche et al A VAS score of 4.8 cm (SD: 1.8 cm) for TAP block group and VAS score of 3.2 cm (SD: 2.1 cm) for epidural group was observed. Assuming similar results, it was calculated that to obtain a power of 80% within a confidence interval of 95%, a minimum of 30 patients were required in each of the two groups. Thus, a total of 60 patients were required at the least. An additional 5% (6 in each group) were taken to account for drop-outs from the study.

Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma- Two Rare Case Reports

Bonafide sebaceous carcinoma is extremely rare neoplasm. It may be seen as a component of Muir-Torre syndrome. It should be distinguished from basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation.

Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid: A Case Report

Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is a rare cutaneous variant of BCC with very few cases reported. Exposure to sunlight is the most important environmental risk factor.Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is a very rare variant of basal cell carcinoma that exhibits increased pigmentation.As it is rare, thereby we report here the case of Pigmented basal cell carcinoma on eyelid. Key

Chiropractic Care For The Oral Health Professional

The major disability among the various professionals worldwide is musculoskeletal disorders. They impose a burden to the community in both direct costs to health care and indirect costs through reduced work efficiency and productivity. In India, according to epidemiological studies, the community based prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is about 20% and occupation specific prevalence is as high as 90%. Among the victims, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Dental surgeons is about 64%, out of which 80% had low back pain at some point of time in their life. Despite the burden, musculoskeletal disorders have not been considered in National health programmes. Bearing in mind musculoskeletal disorder as a public health burden, engaging Chiropractic- a complementary type of medicine in screening and as a part of primary prevention will be a great effort in reducing the future burden to the community.

Histopathology Of 4 Cases Of Retinoblastoma: A Study At Rims Ranchi

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular neoplasm of children. Retinoblastomas can present at birth but are usually diagnosed between 1 and 2 years of age, with heritable cases arising in younger infants. This is a retrospective study conducted at a Tertiary care centre, RAJENDRA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, RANCHI from May, 2018 to April 2019. 4 cases with histopathological diagnosis of retinoblastoma were included in the study. The age of the patients of these 4 cases were 20months, 24months, 31months and 68months. The mean age being 35.75months and median age being 22months. 3 out of 4 cases were male patients. Optic nerve as involved in 2 of the cases. It is important that attention be given to the details of the histopathological report in Retinoblastoma, particularly optic nerve invasion, corneal involvement, anterior and posterior chamber involvement to determine post-enucleation therapy and prognosis.

A Case Report On Uncommon A2 Subtype Of Blood Group A

Blood group A has various subtypes with A1 being the most common. A2 and other weaker subtypes are less commonly encountered. The differentiation between A1and A2 is based on the reactivity of A1 cells but not A2 cells with anti-A1 lectin. A2 cells show increased reactivity with anti-H lectin. The incidence of A2 subtype is not known in this region. Here, we report an incidental case of A2 blood group in a 25-year male. Subgroups of blood group A can result in ABO blood group discrepancy and rarely may lead to hemolytic transfusion reactions. The case report highlights the need to be aware of such uncommon and rare blood groups and using anti-A1 lectin as a standardized protocol to prevent blood group incompatibility.

Epidermal Cyst Of The Base Of The Tongue - A Case Report

Epidermal cysts are common skin lesions, but they occur rarely in the oral cavity. Very few cases have been reported in the literature, and, here we present one such rare case of epidermal cyst of the base of the tongue in a 24 year male patient. The patient presented with the complain of swelling below the tongue which was gradually increasing in size for the past one and half year with difficulty in speech, mastication and closure of mouth. Intraoral examination revealed presence of large solitary swelling in the sublingual region more towards the right side. It was non-tender, fluctuant soft and fixed to the underlying mucosa having no secondary changes. Aspiration cytology was performed which was consistent with the diagnosis of Epidermal cyst.

Comparative Study of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsy in Haematological and Non-Haematological Disorders

Background: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, GMC Patiala on 100 patients over period of three years with the objective to study the comparison of the bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow trephine biopsy in haematological and non-haematological disorders in elderly age patients.(Age >50years). Methods: 100 cases with different hematological and non-hematological problems were taken up for the present study with age >50 years. Salah”s bone marrow aspiration needle and Jamshidi’s bone marrow biopsy needle were used to collect the samples. For staining Leishmann’s and H&E stains were used. Results: Majority of the cases were in the age of 50-60. Majority of haematological disorders comprised of anaemia (62%), leukemia(17.7%), multiple myeloma (7.5%), primary myelofibrosis(2.5%), myeloproliferative disorders(2.5%), hypocellular marrow (2.5%), increased eoisinophils and precurcors(1.2%), NHL (1.2%) lymphocytosis(1.2%) and plasmacytosis (1.2%). Both of the 2 cases of non-haematological disorders were of metastatic carcinomatous deposists. Conclusion: The bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy were comparative in most of the haematological disorders except in primary and secondary myelofibrosis where biopsy provided clue to the diagnosis. Non-haematological disorders showed the same findings.

Bone Marrow Aspiration Findings in HIV Positive Patients and Correlation with CD4 Count

Background: Bone marrow abnormalities are common in HIV infected individuals and patients with AIDS. Most of the bone marrow abnormalities associated with HIV infection appear to be related directly to the infection or its complications and not to therapeutic intervention. Bone marrow study is an important investigation in HIV infected patients with peripheral hematological abnormalities. The primary objective was to study bone marrow aspiration findings in HIV positive patients and their correlation with CD4 count. Methods: The interventional, crossectional and prospective study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital Patiala on 100 HIV positive patients, during a period of 2 years. Hematological investigations including complete hemogram, peripheral blood film and bone marrow aspiration was done. Absolute CD4 counts were done. Correlation of various bone marrow abnormalities was done with CD4 count. Results: Bone marrow revealed normocellular marrow in majority of cases, followed by hypocellular. Overall prevalence of myelodysplasia was 78%. Dyserythropoiesis was most common dysplastic change (62%) followed by dysmegakaryopoies (36%), dysgranulopoiesis (25%). Reactive plasmacytosis was seen in 44% cases in the range from 6-20%. Increased lymphocytes seen in 9% cases. There was seen significant correlation between myelodysplasia and CD4 count. Conclusion: Bone marrow abnormalities are common in HIV infected individuals and patients with AIDS.So HIV infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with secondary myelodysplasia or unexplained bone marrow changes.

Clinico-Pathological Correlation of Tubo-Ovarian Lesions

Background: The tubo-ovarian lesions manifest a wide spectrum of clinical, morphological, and histological features. Aims and objectives- To classify the lesions of tubes and ovaries and to correlate the various clinical and histopathological findings with age, chief complaints, and microscopic appearances of lesions. To correlate them radiologically and histopathologically. Methods: The present prospective study was based on the clinico-pathological correlation of various tubo-ovarian lesions in 75 cases over a period of 2 years. The histopathological reports were used to classify the tubo-ovarian lesions and correlate /substantiate the clinical and radiological findings. Results: Out of 75 cases, 51 (68%) ovarian, 18 (24%) tubal, and 6 (8%) cases showed simultaneous involvement of both tube and ovary. Amongst 18 tubal lesions,16 were of ectopic gestation (6 were ruptured) and the rest 2 of salpingitis. Amongst the ovarian lesions,41 cases were of ovarian neoplasms which were categorized as benign and malignant. Serous cystadenoma was the most common benign tumor and serous cystadenocarcinoma was the most malignant tumor. Conclusion: Clinical, radiological and histopathological diagnosis were compared and analysed statistically and the correlation was highly significant. An accurate clinical and radiological examination along with the histopathological examination aids in improving the diagnostic accuracy.

Clinical, Cytological and Histopathological Study of Salivary Gland Lesions

Background: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, GMC Patiala for two years on 60 patients with swellings of jaw seeking consultation in Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. Methods: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done on all these patients followed by microscopic examination of the prepared slides and relevant clinical information was collected. The data was compiled and analysed statistically. In lesions where surgery followed FNAC, the comparison was done with histopathology and statistical values were calculated. Results: The results of the study were: non-neoplastic cases were 51.7% and neoplastic cases were 48.3%. Maximum cases were of chronic sialadenitis (30%) followed by pleomorphic adenoma (23.3%). Parotid gland was involved in maximum cases (60%). Biopsies or specimens for histopathological examination were received for 30 cases; maximum cases of which were diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma on histopathology. Among malignant tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common. Conclusion: On correlating the cytological and histopathological nature of salivary gland lesions, sensitivity of FNAC came out to be 75%, specificity 100% and accuracy was calculated as 93.3%.

Histopathological and Endoscopic Correlation of Gastric Lesions in Endoscopic Gastric Biopsies

ackground: There are a number of lesions that could affect the stomach varying from dyspepsia to highly lethal cancers; that can be chronic and incapacitating or merely an occasional discomfort or asymptomatic. Objective: The study was done to establish a correlation between endoscopic findings and histopathological characteristics of the various pathological gastric lesions. Methods: The study was a prospective study and done on 150 affected patients in 2 years. The endoscopic biopsy was taken from number of points of suspicious lesion for histopathologic diagnosis of the type of gastric lesions. The biopsies were fixed in formalin and adequately processed. The sections were stained with routine Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Giemsa staining for H.pylori was also done. Results: In this study the most common clinical indications for endoscopic biopsy were pain epigastrium (82.0%) and dyspepsia (67.3%) with mean age of 54.25 and male predominance (1.9:1). The various gastric lesions were chronic gastritis (66.0%), adenocarcinoma (8.0%), no specific diagnosis (8.0%), dysplasia (4.7%), hyperplastic polyp (4.7%), acute on chronic gastritis (3.3%), eosinophilic gastritis (2.0%), acute gastritis (1.3%), intestinal metaplasia (1.3%) and chronic atrophic gastritis (0.7%). Conclusion: H. pylori is most commonly associated with acute on chronic gastritis.